Article on the Wall
On July 9, 2004, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) issued an advisory opinion on the legal consequences of the Wall regime Israel is constructing inside the West Bank. What did the ICJ Advisory Opinion say about the refugees? How can the ICJ Opinion be used in the case of the refugees?
The question put to the Court by the General Assembly focused
specifically on the legality of the Wall being built inside
occupied territory under international law.
Background
The problem revealed
On 14 April 2002 the Israeli cabinet decided to establish a “permanent barrier” in the “seam area” between the West Bank and Israel. The General Director of the Ministry of Defense was charged with overseeing a “Seam Area Administration” to implement the decision of the cabinet to build the permanent barrier, commonly known as the “Wall”. By the end of July 2003, the first phase of the Wall was completed. Nearly all of it was constructed on occupied Palestinian land. The projection of the additional phases showed that indeed virtually the entire wall complex was to be constructed inside the West Bank and in such a manner as to accommodate the settlements and further limit Palestinian access to Jerusalem and key agricultural land. The Wall would also result in the creation of enclaved or enclosed Palestinian communities cut off from city centers such as with Walaja and Bethlehem. The great harm being done to the Palestinian people and their national rights precipitated a flurry of activity at the United Nations which resulted in the ICJ Advisory Opinion.
Palestinian response
Led by Nasser al-Kidwa, Ambassador and Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations, a team of Palestinian and international lawyers submitted extensive factual information and legal analysis to the ICJ on the Wall and its effects. Israel submitted arguments rejecting the Court’s authority to intervene in the matter and declined to submit factual information or legal analysis on the Wall. The United States and several European countries also urged the Court to refrain from issuing an opinion, arguing in part that the issue should be left to the political process.
What did the Court say?
The Court made many findings on the issues of jurisdiction, legality and state obligations under international law.
Jurisdiction
The Court disagreed with those states that argued that it should not render its legal opinion and in doing so laid out a precedent in favor of rights-based approaches to the Palestine question.
First, the Court rejected the contention advanced by several states that it should decline to render an opinion because the issue is political. The Court referred to its existing jurisprudence which holds that the legal obligations of states under international law should not be overlooked because a question has political dimensions. In fact, the Court noted, in situations where political considerations are dominant, an opinion on the applicable legal principles may be particularly necessary. The Court similarly rejected the notion that the issue should be left to the political domain. In reaching these conclusions, the Court signaled that legal authority has a role to play in resolving the conflict – in short, law matters.
The Court also dismissed the argument that the issue should be
left to Israel and Palestine to work out for themselves. The Court
refused to consider the matter as only a bi-lateral issue to be
negotiated between parties, noting the special responsibility of
the international community to the Palestinian people:
Given the powers and responsibilities of the United Nations in
questions relating to international peace and security, it is the
Court’s view that the construction of the wall must be deemed to be
directly of concern to the United Nations. The responsibility of
the United Nations in this matter also has its origins in the
Mandate and the Partition Resolution concerning Palestine…This
responsibility has been described by the General Assembly as a “a
permanent responsibility towards the question of Palestine until
the question is resolved in all its aspects in a satisfactory
manner in accordance with international legitimacy” (General
Assembly resolution 57/107 of 3 December 2002). Within the
institutional framework of the Organization, this responsibility
has been manifested by the adoption of many Security Council and
General Assembly resolutions, and by the creation of several
subsidiary bodies specifically established to assist in the
realization of the inalienable rights of the Palestinian
people.
The Court also opined that the Road Map negotiations framework did
not present a compelling reason for it to decline to exercise
jurisdiction.
Legality
Once the Court decided to exercise jurisdiction, it turned to the
question posed by the General Assembly: What are the legal
consequences arising from the construction of the Wall in the
Occupied Palestinian Territory? The essence of the question put to
the Court concerned the status of the occupied territories,
particularly the West Bank where the Wall is currently being
constructed, and Israel’s legal obligations with respect to them.
As a preliminary matter, the Court concluded that Israel has the
status of an Occupying Power in the West Bank, including East
Jerusalem, and is subject to the rules of international
humanitarian law. The Court said that the peace treaties signed
between Jordan and Israel and between the PLO and Israel (the 'Oslo
Accords') did nothing to alter the occupied status of the
territories. It invoked the UN Charter and the principle against
the acquisition of territory by force, as well as the Palestinian
right to self-determination. The Court also concluded that Israel
is bound to comply with the human rights conventions it has
ratified in terms of its actions inside the Occupied Palestinian
Territory. Through its analysis the Court set out a framework of
legality within which Israel’s actions inside the Occupied
Palestinian Territories can be measured: 1) the Palestinian right
to self-determination; 2) the international law of human rights;
and 3) international humanitarian law.
The Court examined the relationship between the route of
the Wall and Israeli settlements:
The Court notes that the route of the wall as fixed by the Israeli
Government includes within the “Closed Area” [. . . ] some 80
percent of the settlers living in the Occupied Palestinian
Territory. Moreover, it is apparent from an examination of the map
[. . .] that the wall’s sinuous route has been traced in such a way
as to include within that area the great majority of the Israeli
settlements in the occupied Palestinian territory (including East
Jerusalem).
The Court noted that the settlements have been established in
violation of international law. It expressed concern that the Wall
may amount to de facto annexation of land and, along with the
settlements, end in the demographic transformation of the Occupied
Palestinian Territory. The Court concluded that this is a serious
breach of the Palestinian right to self-determination, as well as a
violation of international humanitarian law and human rights
law.
The Court said that Israel is obligated to comply with
international law and end its breaches stemming from the
construction of the Wall. The Court specified that Israel is
obligated to cease construction of the Wall and dismantle those
parts of the structure situated in the Occupied Palestinian
Territory, including in and around East Jerusalem. Significantly,
the Court concluded that Israel is obligated to return the land it
confiscated to construct the Wall and pay compensation to the
persons who suffered the losses in the event that property
restitution is materially impossible and for any material damage
incurred as a result of the construction of the Wall.
UN Special Rapporteur Comments on the
Wall – December 2004 "The course of the Wall indicates clearly that its purpose is to incorporate as many settlers as possible into Israel. This is borne out by the statistics showing that some 80 percent of settlers in the West Bank will be included on the Israeli side of the Wall. If further proof of this obvious fact is required, it is to be found in an article by Benjamin Netanyahu, Minister of Finance of Israel and former Prime Minister, in the International Herald Tribune of 14 July 2004, in which he wrote: 'A line that is genuinely based on security would include as many Jews as possible and as few Palestinians as possible within the fence. That is precisely what Israel's security fence does. By running into less than 12 percent of the West Bank, the fence will include about 80 percent of Jews and only 1 percent of Palestinians who live within the disputed territories. “Another purpose of the Wall is to expand Israel's territorial possessions. Rich agricultural land and water resources along the Green Line have been incorporated into Israel. Although Palestinians living on the eastern side of the Wall remain owners of these lands, they are frequently denied access to them or faced with obstacles imposed by the Israeli authorities to the farming of their land. There is thus a real danger that these will be abandoned and seized by the voracious settlers. “A third purpose of the Wall is to compel Palestinian residents in the so-called 'Seam Zone' between the Wall and the Green Line and those resident adjacent to the Wall, but separated from their lands by the Wall, to leave their homes and start a new like elsewhere in the West Bank, by making like intolerable for them. This was acknowledged by the International Court in its advisory opinion when it stated that the construction of the Wall is 'tending to alter the demographic composition of the Occupied Palestinian Territory' (para. 133). “Israel is both legally and morally obliged to bring its practices and polices into line with the law. That Israel has legitimate security concerns cannot be denied. However, these concerns must be addressed within the parameters of the law for, as the High Court of Justice of Israel has rightly declared, 'There is no security without the law.' ... Israel's defiance of international law poses a threat not only to the international legal order but to the international order itself. This is no time for appeasement on the part of the international community.” Report of the Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights, John Dugard, on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied by Israel since 1967 UN Doc. E/CN.4/2005/29 7 December 2004 |
The Court also found that third states also have responsibilities to ensure Israeli compliance with international law.
Significance of opinion for refugees
The ICJ Opinion is a significant landmark in Palestinian history because it affirmed the importance of legal frameworks for assessing and resolving the conflict. The Court rejected the notion that law and politics can be neatly separated into distinct processes. In doing this the Court affirmed that legal principles are relevant to the political or negotiations process. This is a notable precedent for the refugees where it is often said that legal principles should give way to practical realities.
The Court’s insistence on exercising its jurisdiction despite objections from states to defer to the political process is also a reminder that States have obligations they are bound to fulfill irrespective of the progress of negotiations or interim or phased plans. For example, the extent of Palestinian security reform is not a justification for failing to implement applicable legal norms. The pursuit of a political solution cannot be used as an excuse to suspend or avoid application of the law. Israel is bound by law despite the political – and practical – dimensions of the conflict and its resolution. Moreover, as the Court noted, the international community is obligated to see to it that the conflict is resolved in all its aspects, includes refugees, according to international legal principles.
Another significant feature of the Opinion is the Court’s recognition of the Palestinian people and their right to self-determination. The Court stated: “As regards the principle of the right of people to self-determination, the Court observes that the existence of a 'Palestinian people' is no longer in issue.” The Court’s finding that Israel’s settlement/wall project in the Occupied Palestinian Territory and the potential that it will result in the transfer of Palestinians is a violation of the right to self-determination is a statement against the further displacement and dispossession of the Palestinian people.
Perhaps the most directly relevant aspect of the Opinion for
crafting durable solutions for the refugees is the Court’s
discussion on reparations. The Court noted that the construction of
the Wall has entailed the seizure of personal property. In
determining what the remedy is for people who have had their
property wrongfully taken, the Court drew on the same customary law
that underpins the remedies available to the Palestinians displaced
around 1948 and after the 1967 occupation of the West Bank and Gaza
Strip. These remedies include the right to restitution of property
and compensation in the event that restitution is impossible and
for damages sustained. The framework outlined by the Court is
consistent with that reflected in the United Nations General
Assembly Resolution 194.
Conclusion
As a strict legal precedent the Advisory Opinion will be most
persuasive in making the case that the Palestinian people are
entitled to exercise their right to self determination in an
independent, viable state on the West Bank and Gaza Strip and that
the Wall and settlements are illegally interfering with this right.
Nevertheless, the Advisory Opinion sets the ground for also arguing
that all Palestinian-Israeli issues should be dealt with according
to legal standards. The ICJ Opinion also provides necessary details
on how the remedies for refugees should be shaped.
Leila Hilal is a legal advisor at the PLO Negotiations Affairs
Support Unit.